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Explaining Aboriginal Turnout in Federal Elections: Evidence from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba

End Notes

Footnote 1 Dahl (1989)

Footnote 2 See, for example, Blais et al. (2004); Howe (2004).

Footnote 3 Ladner and McCrossan (2007).

Footnote 4 Verba et al. (1995) See also Verba and Nie (1972).

Footnote 5 Berelson et al. (1954); Verba and Nie (1972); Wolfinger and Rosenstone (1980); Verba et al. (1995).

Footnote 6 Putnam (2000); Coleman (1988).

Footnote 7 Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996); See also Campbell et al. (1960).

Footnote 8 Johnston et al. (2007).

Footnote 9 Silver et al. (2006) at pp. 109–111.

Footnote 10 For a discussion about location see Ladner and McCrossan (2007) p. 21. For a discussion about age and mobility see Silver et al. (2006) at pp. 109–111.

Footnote 11 Silver et al. (2006) at pp.111–112. Also see Ladner (2003).

Footnote 12 Bedford and Pobihushchy (1995).

Footnote 13 Guérin (2003).

Footnote 14 Silver et al. (2006) at p. 23.

Footnote 15 Schouls (1996) at p. 744. Here Schouls advances that a "significant obstacle to Aboriginal participation within Parliament is the proclivity of many Aboriginal peoples to identify their citizenship exclusively with their Aboriginal nation of origin. The position of Aboriginal peoples so inclined is to view the institutions of Canada's Parliament as ideologically incommensurable with the norms and practices that guide their own political institutions."

Footnote 16 Cairns (2005) at pp. 23–26.

Footnote 17 Cairns (2003) at p. 6.

Footnote 18 Turpel (1992) at p. 580.

Footnote 19 Alfred (1995) at p. 7.

Footnote 20 Band level governments are included here because segments of the Aboriginal population that adhere to the postcolonial thesis (for example, certain parts of the Warrior and Aboriginal youth movements) advance that these governments are also instruments of colonization and need to be resisted. See Alfred and Lowe (2005).

Footnote 21 Alfred et al. (2007) at p. 15.

Footnote 22 Alfred et al. (2007).

Footnote 23 Data for the Equality, Security and Community survey were collected by the Institute for Social Research, York University. The ESC project was funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, grant number 412-97-0003. The survey was carried out under the direction of Dr. Richard Johnston, UBC.

Footnote 24 The various components of the ESC survey were collected by the Institute for Social Research (www.isr.yorku.ca).

Footnote 25 Current estimates actually place the Aboriginal population living off reserves at approximately 50%. See Guérin (2003).

Footnote 26 Guérin (2003).

Footnote 27 Bedford (2003) Note that this is counter to work on turnout among Status Indians for federal elections though, that suggest Manitoban Aboriginals are among the least likely to vote in Canada. See Guérin (2003).

Footnote 28 Peters (2001).

Footnote 29 See Guérin (2003) He notes that the salience of Aboriginal issues can help explain higher levels of turnout in some areas.

Footnote 30 Income was calculated based on two questions. Those who did not report their exact income were asked to report the range of their personal annual income in a second question. For these respondents, the lowest range was $0–$20,000.

Footnote 31 See, for example, Pendakur and Pendakur (2008).

Footnote 32 Because the aboriginal sample is not representative, pooling the data means we are not able to use population weights. As such, these models should not be used for population estimates. However, they do allow us to assess the relationship between being aboriginal and voting.

Footnote 33 See for example Kiera Ladner and Michael McCrossan's recommendations for increasing Aboriginal participation in elections. Ladner and McCrossan (2007) at pp. 38–41. For a critique of these recommendations see Alfred et al. (2007) at pp. 14–15.

Footnote 34 It should be noted that alternative variables were examined, including pride in being Canadian and rating scales of the federal government. None of these alternative measures provided significant findings (results not shown).

Footnote 35 Alfred et al. (2007).

Footnote 36 Cairns (2003).