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Student Parallel Election Program (Student Vote) Evaluation

Appendix A – Regression Models

Table A-1: Knowledge Scores for Elementary Students (n=961)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.929 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.785 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.014 0.779
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.088 0.306
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.060 0.302
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades 0.303 0.029*
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools 0.324 0.674
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.070 0.383
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.089 0.193
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.101 0.123
Age 0.050 0.005*

Note: Higher score = higher score on knowledge-based questions.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 238.093, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-2: Knowledge Scores for Secondary Students (n=1,250)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.419 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.394 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.198 <0.001*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.016 0.860
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.047 0.435
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades 0.383 0.001*
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools -0.007 0.927
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.018 0.766
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.138 0.030*
Age 0.078 0.002*

Note: Higher score = higher score on knowledge-based questions.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 96.483, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-3: Self-reported Knowledge Scores for Elementary Students (n=972)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.928 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.422 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.002 0.971
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.090 0.293
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.030 0.614
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades 0.215 0.122
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -0.263 0.734
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.141 0.080
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.062 0.361
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.212 0.001*
Age -0.035 0.068

Note: Higher score = less knowledgeable.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 100.536, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-4: Self-reported Knowledge Scores for Secondary Students (n=1,306)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.784 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.141 0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.174 <0.001*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.054 0.419
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.021 0.646
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades 0.045 0.592
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools -0.003 0.960
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.181 <0.001*
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.058 0.223
Age -0.004 0.846

Note: Higher score = less knowledgeable.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 52.735, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-5: Interest Scores for Elementary Students (n=970)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.081 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.052 0.361
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.028 0.604
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.044 0.639
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.020 0.761
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades 0.229 0.137
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -0.164 0.847
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.060 0.501
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.002 0.981
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.047 0.515
Age 0.037 0.074

Note: Higher score = less interest in politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 15.058, p=0.130. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-6: Interest Scores for Secondary Students (n=1,305)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.519 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.098 0.050
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.127 0.006
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.022 0.783
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.100 0.067
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades 0.050 0.620
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools -0.010 0.894
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.010 0.851
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.069 0.232
Age 0.005 0.828

Note: Higher score = less interest in politics.
* Model Likelihood Chi-Square = 20.477, p=0.015. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-7: Frequency Scores of Talking to Friends about Politics for Elementary Students (n=967)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 3.278 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.097 0.248
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.047 0.565
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.128 0.360
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.050 0.605
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades 0.007 0.976
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -1.820 0.147
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.179 0.172
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.163 0.141
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.431 <0.001*
Age -0.030 0.334

Note: Higher score = less often talking to friends about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 41.348, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-8: Frequency Scores of Talking to Friends about Politics for Secondary Students (n=1,306)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 4.243 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.160 0.014*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.222 <0.001*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.139 0.187
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.036 0.610
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades -0.003 0.979
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools 0.090 0.335
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.263 <0.001*
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.133 0.075
Age -0.128 <0.001*

Note: Higher score = less often talking to friends about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 67.207, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-9: Frequency Scores of Talking to Friends about the Federal Election for Elementary Students (n=423)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.737 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.030 0.821
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.143 0.521
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.090 0.535
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -1.176 0.382
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.609 0.002*
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.077 0.649
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.538 0.001*
Age -0.013 0.786

Note: Higher score = less often talking to friends about elections.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 27.342, p=0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-10: Frequency Scores of Talking to Friends about the Federal Election for Secondary Students (n=622)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.608 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.024 0.803
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.112 0.488
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.120 0.240
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades -0.064 0.739
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools 0.267 0.069
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.159 0.143
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.990 <0.001*
Age 0.022 0.659

Note: Higher score = less often talking to friends about elections.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 74.260, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-11: Frequency Scores of Talking to Family about Politics for Elementary Students (n=969)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.814 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.063 0.476
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.085 0.321
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.063 0.672
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.028 0.787
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades -0.081 0.737
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -1.341 0.315
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.083 0.553
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.051 0.664
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.392 0.001*
Age 0.013 0.696

Note: Higher score = less often talking to family about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 22.172, p=0.014. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-12: Frequency Scores of Talking to Family about Politics for Secondary Students (n=1,307)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 3.169 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.058 0.421
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.036 0.593
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.009 0.941
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.065 0.409
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades 0.200 0.166
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools 0.084 0.416
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.013 0.872
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.251 0.002*
Age -0.035 0.292

Note: Higher score = less often talking to family about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 16.492, p=.057. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-13: Frequency Scores of Talking to Family about the Federal Election for Elementary Students (n=359)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 2.500 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.024 0.870
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.098 0.675
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.056 0.723
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -0.658 0.628
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.267 0.194
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.002 0.990
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.315 0.077
Age 0.084 0.143

Note: Higher score = less often talking to family about election.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 9.691, p=0.287. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-14: Frequency Scores of Talking to Family about the Federal Election for Secondary Students (n=622)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 3.824 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.107 0.286
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.163 0.336
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.076 0.483
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades -0.084 0.678
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools -0.088 0.570
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.165 0.150
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.048 0.712
Age -0.141 0.008*

Note: Higher score = less often talking to family about election.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 13.425, p=0.098. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-15: Comfortable Scores of Talking to Friends about Politics for Elementary Students (n=968)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.701 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.138 0.027*
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.047 0.440
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.043 0.678
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.058 0.420
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades 0.063 0.708
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -0.884 0.344
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.093 0.341
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.299 <0.001*
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.078 0.328
Age -0.101 <0.001*

Note: Higher score = less comfortable talking to friends about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 81.812, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-16: Comfortable Scores of Talking to Friends about Politics for Secondary Students (n=1,304)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.714 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.114 0.027*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.091 0.056
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.024 0.778
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.071 0.213
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades 0.092 0.379
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools 0.111 0.133
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.021 0.707
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.020 0.731
Age -0.011 0.652

Note: Higher score = less comfortable talking to friends about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 18.532, p=0.029. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-17: Comfortable Scores of Talking to Family about Politics for Elementary Students (n=961)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.405 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.205 0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male 0.066 0.276
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.042 0.689
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.030 0.674
School type (Elementary school = reference)Combined grades -0.073 0.668
School type (Elementary school = reference)Secondary schools -0.540 0.562
School type (Elementary school = reference)Middle school 0.003 0.978
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.185 0.025*
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.023 0.777
Age -0.050 0.028*

Note: Higher score = less comfortable talking to family about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 35.069, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-18: Comfortable Scores of Talking to Family about Politics for Secondary Students (n=1,296)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.659 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.088 0.075
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.058 0.201
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.078 0.329
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.007 0.898
School type (Middle school = reference)Combined grades -0.120 0.227
School type (Middle school = reference)Secondary schools -0.058 0.414
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.061 0.260
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.005 0.930
Age -0.002 0.928

Note: Higher score = less comfortable talking to family about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 9.113, p=0.427. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-19: Interest in Voting If Old Enough on October 19 for Elementary Students (n=824)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 3.197 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.792 0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.552 0.016*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.209 0.561
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.533 0.093
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.120 0.650
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 0.812 0.025*
Age 0.161 0.042*

Note: Variable school type was removed due to colinearity issue.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 39.267, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-20: Interest in Voting If Old Enough on October 19 for Secondary Students (n=1,115)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 0.422 0.414
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.177 0.396
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.176 0.357
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.908 0.001*
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.640 0.006*
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.997 <0.001*
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes -0.085 0.707
Age 0.096 0.242

Note: Variable school type was removed due to colinearity issue.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 41.172, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-21: Interest in Voting in the Future for Elementary Students (n=358)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 4.997 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -2.034 0.002*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.901 0.166
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.519 0.361
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.200 0.722
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 2.118 0.046*
Age 0.062 0.722

Note: Variable school type was removed due to colinearity issue.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 24.996, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-22: Interest in Voting in the Future for Secondary Students (n=499)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 3.171 <0.001*
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.366 0.424
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 0.340 0.672
Students' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 1.277 0.010*
Teachers'/schools' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.799 0.192
Teachers'/schools' participation in Democracy Bootcamp (No = reference)Yes 1.472 0.023*
Age 0.016 0.942

Note: Variable school type was removed due to colinearity issue.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 15.066, p=0.020. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-23: Self-reported Knowledge Scores for Teachers (n=1,226)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.644 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.015 0.741
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)Less than 1 year 0.348 <0.001*
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)1–2 years 0.282 <0.001*
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)3–5 years 0.192 <0.001*
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)6–7 years 0.056 0.252
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.271 <0.001*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.037 0.478
Teachers' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.039 0.259
School type (Other = reference)Combined grades 0.068 0.532
School type (Other = reference)Secondary school -0.090 0.383
School type (Other = reference)Middle school -0.045 0.676
School type (Other = reference)Elementary school 0.124 0.209

Note: Higher score = less knowledgeable about politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 213.399, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-24: Interest Scores for Teachers (n=1,227)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 1.536 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre 0.047 0.332
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)Less than 1 year 0.366 <0.001*
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)1–2 years 0.291 <0.001*
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)3–5 years 0.152 0.001*
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)6–7 years 0.094 0.074
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.248 <0.001*
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes -0.006 0.917
Teachers' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes -0.074 0.044*
School type (Other = reference)Combined grades -0.064 0.581
School type (Other = reference)Secondary school -0.183 0.096
School type (Other = reference)Middle school -0.076 0.505
School type (Other = reference)Elementary school 0.074 0.485

Note: Higher score = less interest in politics.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 197.103, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.

Table A-25: Intention to Vote for Teachers (n=1,514)
Parameter Estimate p-value
(Intercept) 3.241 <0.001*
SVP status (Post = reference)Pre -0.464 0.489
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)Less than 1 year -0.617 0.496
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)1–2 years -1.028 0.183
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)3–5 years -0.838 0.188
Length of time teaching CIVICS (8 or more years = reference)6–7 years 0.277 0.801
Gender (Female = reference)Male -0.308 0.581
Born in Canada (No = reference)Yes 2.751 <0.001*
Teachers' previous participation in SVP (No = reference)Yes 0.319 0.562

Note: Variable school type was removed due to colinearity issue.
* Model likelihood chi-square = 30.762, p<0.01. Results are significant at the 0.05 level.